Swift Language Fundamentals

Swift is a modern programming language that balances powerful features with safety. To build our shopping app from first principles, we must first understand Swift’s fundamental building blocks. In this chapter, we dive into the core language concepts: basic data types, algebraic data types (structs, enums, and classes), and functions (including currying and inout mechanics). We’ll implement a simplified integer type to see how Swift’s standard library defines basic types from the ground up.

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What makes a SwiftUI app?

SwiftUI introduced a new application model that departs from the traditional main() function entry point. To understand the bare minimum needed for a functioning SwiftUI app, we must explore how Swift determines an entry point for programs, how the @main attribute and the SwiftUI App protocol work together, and how scenes like WindowGroup allow us to render views.

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